Название: Successful Remembering and Successful Forgetting
Автор: Benjamin Aaron S
Язык: English
Издательство: Taylor & Francis
Год: 2010
Формат: pdf
Кол-во страниц: 583
Размер: 46 мб
The desirable difficulties perspective (E. L. Bjork & Bjork, 2011; R. A. Bjork, 1988, 1992; Bjork & Bjork, 2006; R. A. Bjork & Linn, 2006) and the region of proximal learning framework (e.g., Kornell & Metcalfe, 2006; Metcalfe, 2002, 2009; Metcalfe & Kornell, 2005) appear, at least on the surface, to be at odds. The desirable difficulties perspective says that individuals should make things hard on themselves (but in a good way). Instructors should not spare the learners, but instead they should challenge them and make learning difficult. People should embrace difficulties, because it is through those difficulties that long-term learning occurs. The term desirable is added to difficulties, but even so the message is that learning should be a challenge. The region of proximal learning framework proposes that learning is optimized by having the learner study materials that are not very difficult, given the individual’s current state of learning. Indeed, they should be the easiest possible as-yet-unlearned items—just beyond what the learner has already fully mastered, but not much beyond. Too much difficulty, within this framework, is seen as maladaptive and potentially disheartening.
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