Название:Step in Electronics Practicals: Real world circuits applications
Издательство:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (Volume 2)
Автор:Ibrahim Ibyimanikora
Год:2015
Количество страниц:444
Язык:русский
Формат: pdf, azw4
Размер:59 Mb
The field of electronics is very diverse, and career opportunities are available in many areas. Because electronics is currently found in so many different applications and new technology is being developed at a fast rate, its feature appears limitless. There is hardly an area of our lives that is not enhanced to some degree by electronics technology.
The study of electronics is one of the basic steps in gaining an understanding of all modern technology and science also; our everyday life depends a lot on the electronic. So this book of step in electronics practicals provides a comprehensive and clear coverage of electronic practical concepts, practical applications and troubleshooting. It is designed to cover a wide range of topics that make up the field of electronics in well-organized and highly informative manner. Special emphasis is placed on practical applications; thus, this book in not theoretical one, but an enlightening practicals of the usefulness of rapidly growing field of electronics. In this book many topics have been strengthened and some topics, innovative and features have been added related to the real world. These practical topics are coordinated with the text showing working principles and their practical design and will make any candidate to be more effective in practical application. Additionally, real world circuits design make the book more visually interesting and easier to use. The circuit provided have been simulated using reliable and accurate method and tested using real components. The presentation is tutorial in nature in order to enhance the value of the book to the reader and foster a clear understanding of practical project topics. This Step in Electronics Practicals book will provide the required practical skills that is useful for ENGINEERING STUDENTS and PRACTICING PROFESSIONALS. Over hundred projects have been discussed in this book that give a clear coverage of real world applications and openness to develop any electronics project that respond to day to day person needs.
Circuit Designation and Circuit Workplace
1. 1. Circuit Notation and Reference Designators................................................ 2
1. 2. Circuit design ............................................................................................... 3
1. 3. Circuit Workplace......................................................................................... 4
1. 3. 1. Breadboard ......................................................................................... 4
1. 3. 2. Printed Circuit Boards (PCB)............................................................. 6
1. 4. Testing Instruments....................................................................................... 17
1. 4. 1. Multimeter........................................................................................... 18
1. 4. 2. Function Generator............................................................................. 22
1. 4. 3.The Oscilloscope.................................................................................. 23
1. 5. Testing Leads................................................................................................ 28
DC Circuits and AC Circuits
2. 1. DC current..................................................................................................... 32
2. 1. 1. Types of DC Voltage Sources............................................................. 32
2. 2. AC Current.................................................................................................... 36
2. 3. Resistors ....................................................................................................... 37
2. 3. 1. Resistor in DC Circuits....................................................................... 37
2. 3. 2. Resistor in AC Circuits....................................................................... 60
2. 4. Capacitor ...................................................................................................... 60
2. 4. 1. Capacitor in DC Circuits..................................................................... 63
2. 4. 2. Capacitor in AC Circuits..................................................................... 67
2. 5. The Basic Inductor........................................................................................ 76
2. 5. 1. Inductor in DC Circuits....................................................................... 77
2. 5. 2. Inductor in AC Circuits....................................................................... 79
Passive Filters and Applications
3. 1. RC Circuit as a Filter.................................................................................... 85
3. 1. 1. RC Low-Pass Filter............................................................................. 85
3. 1. 2. RC High-Pass Filter............................................................................ 92
3. 2. The RL Circuit as a Filter.............................................................................. 98
3. 2. 1. RL Low-Pass filter.............................................................................. 98
3. 2. 2. RL High-Pass Filter............................................................................ 103
3. 3. Series Resonant Filters.................................................................................. 108
3. 3. 1. The Band-Pass Filter........................................................................... 108
3. 3. 2. The Band-Stop Filter........................................................................... 114
3. 4. Parallel Resonant Filters............................................................................... 119
3. 4. 1. The Band-Pass Filters......................................................................... 119
3. 4. 2. The Band-Stop Filter........................................................................... 124
Electromagnetic Devices and Applications
4. 1. The Speaker.................................................................................................. 128
4. 2. The Microphone............................................................................................ 135
4. 2. 1. Dynamic Microphones........................................................................ 136
4. 2. 2. Ribbon microphones........................................................................... 137
4. 2. 3. Condenser Microphone ...................................................................... 139
4. 3. Transformer................................................................................................... 144
4. 3. 1. Transformer Dot Orientation............................................................... 150
4. 4. Electrical DC Motors.................................................................................... 165
4. 4. 1. The Basic DC Motor........................................................................... 166
4. 4. 2. DC Motor Switching and Control....................................................... 170
4. 4. 3. Reversing the Direction of a DC Motor.............................................. 174
4. 5. The Solenoid................................................................................................. 178
4. 5. 1. The Linear Solenoid............................................................................ 179
4. 5. 2. Rotary Solenoid.................................................................................. 182
4. 5. 3. Solenoid Switching............................................................................. 183
4. 5. 4. Reducing energy consumption............................................................ 183
4. 6. The Electromechanical Relay....................................................................... 185
4. 6. 1. Extending the Life of Relay Tips........................................................ 188
4. 6. 2. Relay Configuration, Installation Tips and Switching........................ 189
Sensors and Transducers
5. 1. Light Sensors................................................................................................ 193
5. 1. 1. The Photoconductive Cell................................................................... 193
5. 2. Photo-junction Devices................................................................................. 198
5. 2. 1. Photodiode.......................................................................................... 198
5. 2. 2. The Phototransistor............................................................................. 201
5. 3. Photovoltaic Cells......................................................................................... 203
5. 4. Temperature Sensor....................................................................................... 205
5. 4. 1. The Thermostat................................................................................... 205
5. 4. 2. The Thermistor.................................................................................... 207
5. 4. 3. Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTD)............................................. 214
5. 4. 4. The Thermocouple.............................................................................. 215
5. 5. Position Sensor............................................................................................. 217
5. 6. Light Emitting Diodes................................................................................... 220
5. 6. 1. Light Emitting Diode Colors.............................................................. 220
5. 7. Optocoupler................................................................................................... 224
5. 8. 7-segment display......................................................................................... 226
Transistor and Applications
6. 1. Transistor Overview..................................................................................... 233
6. 1. 2. Transistor Biasing............................................................................... 234
6. 1. 3. Basic Transistor Parameters................................................................ 234
6. 2. Transistor Replacement ................................................................................ 235
6. 3. Transistor Choice Preference ....................................................................... 236
6. 4. Transistor Part Number Specifications.......................................................... 236
6. 4. 1. JEDEC Numbering System ............................................................... 236
6. 4. 2. Pro-electron Numbering System......................................................... 237
6. 4. 3. JIS Numbering System....................................................................... 239
6. 5. Transistor testing and PIN Identification...................................................... 240
6. 5. 1. Diode Check Function........................................................................ 240
6. 5. 2. Testing Unknown Transistor .............................................................. 244
6. 5. 3. Testing MOSFETs............................................................................... 246
6. 6. Most Useful Transistors PIN Configuration................................................. 249
6. 7. TUN and TUP............................................................................................... 253
6. 8. Transistor as Switch...................................................................................... 254
6. 8. 1. Light activated transistor switch......................................................... 259
6. 8. 2. Transistor as switch with temperature sensor .................................... 263
6. 9. Pulse Generators........................................................................................... 269
6. 9. 1. Astable Multivibrator ......................................................................... 269
6. 9. 2. Bistable Multivibrator......................................................................... 272
6. 9. 3. Monostable Multivibrator................................................................... 275
6. 10. Transistor as Amplifier................................................................................ 279
6. 10. 1. Common Emitter Amplifier.............................................................. 279
6. 10. 2. Common Collector Amplifier........................................................... 287
6. 10. 3. Common Base Amplifier.................................................................. 293
Operational Amplifier Circuits
7. 0. Introduction on Integrated Circuit................................................................ 302
7. 0. 1. IC Classifications................................................................................ 302
7. 0. 2. IC Labeling and Manufacture ........................................................... 302
7. 0. 3. Sinking and Sourcing ......................................................................... 304
7. 1. Operational Amplifier................................................................................... 305
7. 1. 1. Powering up the OP-Amp................................................................... 305
7. 1. 2. Comparison of OP-Amp Parameters.................................................. 307
7. 1. 3. Using Negative Feedback................................................................... 308
7. 1. 4. The 741 Operational Amplifier........................................................... 309
7. 2. Op-Amp Comparator ................................................................................... 309
7. 2. 1. Zero-Level Detection.......................................................................... 309
7. 2. 2. Nonzero-Level Detection.................................................................... 312
7. 2. 3. Comparator With different on and off Voltages (Schmitt Trigger)..... 315
7. 3. Op-Amp Comparator as Switch.................................................................... 318
7. 4. Light Activated Switch................................................................................. 321
7. 5. Temperature Activated Switch...................................................................... 333
7. 6. Bargraph Driver............................................................................................ 334
7. 7. Noninverting Amplifier................................................................................. 338
7. 8. Inverting Amplifier........................................................................................ 344
7. 9. Subtractor (differential) Amplifier ............................................................... 348
7. 10. Summing Amplifier..................................................................................... 352
7. 10. 1. Summing Amplifier with Gain Greater Than Unit........................... 353
7. 10. 2. Averaging Amplifier.......................................................................... 353
7. 10. 3. Scaling Adder.................................................................................... 354
7. 10. 4. Waveform Vertical-level Control...................................................... 359
7. 10. 5. Audio mixer..................................................................................... 361
7. 11. The Op-Amp Integrator............................................................................... 363
7. 12. The Op-amp Differentiator......................................................................... 368
7. 13. A Square Wave Relaxation Oscillator......................................................... 372
7. 14. An Active Clamping Circuit........................................................................ 376
7. 15. Active Limiting Circuit............................................................................... 380
7. 16. DC Motor Control....................................................................................... 384
7. 16. 1. DC Motor Speed Control using PWM.............................................. 384
7. 16. 2. DC Motor Direction Control............................................................. 387
7. 16. 3. DC Motor Speed and Direction Control........................................... 389
The 555 timer and Application
8. 1. The 555 timer IC overview........................................................................... 392
8. 2. Monostable 555 Timer.................................................................................. 394
8. 3. Astable 555 Timer......................................................................................... 399
8. 4. Bistable 555 Timer........................................................................................ 403
8. 5. Common Circuits with 555 Timer................................................................ 406
8. 5. 1. 555 Timer as Schmitt Trigger............................................................. 406
8. 5. 2. Metronome ......................................................................................... 408
8. 5. 3. Missing Pulse Detector....................................................................... 409
8. 5. 4. Burglar Alarm (dark detector)............................................................. 410
8. 5. 5. Infrared Beam Barrier for Object Counter.......................................... 412
8. 5. 6. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) with 555 Timer............................... 413
8. 5. 7. Touch Switch with 555 Timer............................................................. 415
8. 6. 555 Timer Circuits’ Practical Considerations............................................... 418
Devices Datasheet.................................................................................. 419
1. 1. Circuit Notation and Reference Designators................................................ 2
1. 2. Circuit design ............................................................................................... 3
1. 3. Circuit Workplace......................................................................................... 4
1. 3. 1. Breadboard ......................................................................................... 4
1. 3. 2. Printed Circuit Boards (PCB)............................................................. 6
1. 4. Testing Instruments....................................................................................... 17
1. 4. 1. Multimeter........................................................................................... 18
1. 4. 2. Function Generator............................................................................. 22
1. 4. 3.The Oscilloscope.................................................................................. 23
1. 5. Testing Leads................................................................................................ 28
DC Circuits and AC Circuits
2. 1. DC current..................................................................................................... 32
2. 1. 1. Types of DC Voltage Sources............................................................. 32
2. 2. AC Current.................................................................................................... 36
2. 3. Resistors ....................................................................................................... 37
2. 3. 1. Resistor in DC Circuits....................................................................... 37
2. 3. 2. Resistor in AC Circuits....................................................................... 60
2. 4. Capacitor ...................................................................................................... 60
2. 4. 1. Capacitor in DC Circuits..................................................................... 63
2. 4. 2. Capacitor in AC Circuits..................................................................... 67
2. 5. The Basic Inductor........................................................................................ 76
2. 5. 1. Inductor in DC Circuits....................................................................... 77
2. 5. 2. Inductor in AC Circuits....................................................................... 79
Passive Filters and Applications
3. 1. RC Circuit as a Filter.................................................................................... 85
3. 1. 1. RC Low-Pass Filter............................................................................. 85
3. 1. 2. RC High-Pass Filter............................................................................ 92
3. 2. The RL Circuit as a Filter.............................................................................. 98
3. 2. 1. RL Low-Pass filter.............................................................................. 98
3. 2. 2. RL High-Pass Filter............................................................................ 103
3. 3. Series Resonant Filters.................................................................................. 108
3. 3. 1. The Band-Pass Filter........................................................................... 108
3. 3. 2. The Band-Stop Filter........................................................................... 114
3. 4. Parallel Resonant Filters............................................................................... 119
3. 4. 1. The Band-Pass Filters......................................................................... 119
3. 4. 2. The Band-Stop Filter........................................................................... 124
Electromagnetic Devices and Applications
4. 1. The Speaker.................................................................................................. 128
4. 2. The Microphone............................................................................................ 135
4. 2. 1. Dynamic Microphones........................................................................ 136
4. 2. 2. Ribbon microphones........................................................................... 137
4. 2. 3. Condenser Microphone ...................................................................... 139
4. 3. Transformer................................................................................................... 144
4. 3. 1. Transformer Dot Orientation............................................................... 150
4. 4. Electrical DC Motors.................................................................................... 165
4. 4. 1. The Basic DC Motor........................................................................... 166
4. 4. 2. DC Motor Switching and Control....................................................... 170
4. 4. 3. Reversing the Direction of a DC Motor.............................................. 174
4. 5. The Solenoid................................................................................................. 178
4. 5. 1. The Linear Solenoid............................................................................ 179
4. 5. 2. Rotary Solenoid.................................................................................. 182
4. 5. 3. Solenoid Switching............................................................................. 183
4. 5. 4. Reducing energy consumption............................................................ 183
4. 6. The Electromechanical Relay....................................................................... 185
4. 6. 1. Extending the Life of Relay Tips........................................................ 188
4. 6. 2. Relay Configuration, Installation Tips and Switching........................ 189
Sensors and Transducers
5. 1. Light Sensors................................................................................................ 193
5. 1. 1. The Photoconductive Cell................................................................... 193
5. 2. Photo-junction Devices................................................................................. 198
5. 2. 1. Photodiode.......................................................................................... 198
5. 2. 2. The Phototransistor............................................................................. 201
5. 3. Photovoltaic Cells......................................................................................... 203
5. 4. Temperature Sensor....................................................................................... 205
5. 4. 1. The Thermostat................................................................................... 205
5. 4. 2. The Thermistor.................................................................................... 207
5. 4. 3. Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTD)............................................. 214
5. 4. 4. The Thermocouple.............................................................................. 215
5. 5. Position Sensor............................................................................................. 217
5. 6. Light Emitting Diodes................................................................................... 220
5. 6. 1. Light Emitting Diode Colors.............................................................. 220
5. 7. Optocoupler................................................................................................... 224
5. 8. 7-segment display......................................................................................... 226
Transistor and Applications
6. 1. Transistor Overview..................................................................................... 233
6. 1. 2. Transistor Biasing............................................................................... 234
6. 1. 3. Basic Transistor Parameters................................................................ 234
6. 2. Transistor Replacement ................................................................................ 235
6. 3. Transistor Choice Preference ....................................................................... 236
6. 4. Transistor Part Number Specifications.......................................................... 236
6. 4. 1. JEDEC Numbering System ............................................................... 236
6. 4. 2. Pro-electron Numbering System......................................................... 237
6. 4. 3. JIS Numbering System....................................................................... 239
6. 5. Transistor testing and PIN Identification...................................................... 240
6. 5. 1. Diode Check Function........................................................................ 240
6. 5. 2. Testing Unknown Transistor .............................................................. 244
6. 5. 3. Testing MOSFETs............................................................................... 246
6. 6. Most Useful Transistors PIN Configuration................................................. 249
6. 7. TUN and TUP............................................................................................... 253
6. 8. Transistor as Switch...................................................................................... 254
6. 8. 1. Light activated transistor switch......................................................... 259
6. 8. 2. Transistor as switch with temperature sensor .................................... 263
6. 9. Pulse Generators........................................................................................... 269
6. 9. 1. Astable Multivibrator ......................................................................... 269
6. 9. 2. Bistable Multivibrator......................................................................... 272
6. 9. 3. Monostable Multivibrator................................................................... 275
6. 10. Transistor as Amplifier................................................................................ 279
6. 10. 1. Common Emitter Amplifier.............................................................. 279
6. 10. 2. Common Collector Amplifier........................................................... 287
6. 10. 3. Common Base Amplifier.................................................................. 293
Operational Amplifier Circuits
7. 0. Introduction on Integrated Circuit................................................................ 302
7. 0. 1. IC Classifications................................................................................ 302
7. 0. 2. IC Labeling and Manufacture ........................................................... 302
7. 0. 3. Sinking and Sourcing ......................................................................... 304
7. 1. Operational Amplifier................................................................................... 305
7. 1. 1. Powering up the OP-Amp................................................................... 305
7. 1. 2. Comparison of OP-Amp Parameters.................................................. 307
7. 1. 3. Using Negative Feedback................................................................... 308
7. 1. 4. The 741 Operational Amplifier........................................................... 309
7. 2. Op-Amp Comparator ................................................................................... 309
7. 2. 1. Zero-Level Detection.......................................................................... 309
7. 2. 2. Nonzero-Level Detection.................................................................... 312
7. 2. 3. Comparator With different on and off Voltages (Schmitt Trigger)..... 315
7. 3. Op-Amp Comparator as Switch.................................................................... 318
7. 4. Light Activated Switch................................................................................. 321
7. 5. Temperature Activated Switch...................................................................... 333
7. 6. Bargraph Driver............................................................................................ 334
7. 7. Noninverting Amplifier................................................................................. 338
7. 8. Inverting Amplifier........................................................................................ 344
7. 9. Subtractor (differential) Amplifier ............................................................... 348
7. 10. Summing Amplifier..................................................................................... 352
7. 10. 1. Summing Amplifier with Gain Greater Than Unit........................... 353
7. 10. 2. Averaging Amplifier.......................................................................... 353
7. 10. 3. Scaling Adder.................................................................................... 354
7. 10. 4. Waveform Vertical-level Control...................................................... 359
7. 10. 5. Audio mixer..................................................................................... 361
7. 11. The Op-Amp Integrator............................................................................... 363
7. 12. The Op-amp Differentiator......................................................................... 368
7. 13. A Square Wave Relaxation Oscillator......................................................... 372
7. 14. An Active Clamping Circuit........................................................................ 376
7. 15. Active Limiting Circuit............................................................................... 380
7. 16. DC Motor Control....................................................................................... 384
7. 16. 1. DC Motor Speed Control using PWM.............................................. 384
7. 16. 2. DC Motor Direction Control............................................................. 387
7. 16. 3. DC Motor Speed and Direction Control........................................... 389
The 555 timer and Application
8. 1. The 555 timer IC overview........................................................................... 392
8. 2. Monostable 555 Timer.................................................................................. 394
8. 3. Astable 555 Timer......................................................................................... 399
8. 4. Bistable 555 Timer........................................................................................ 403
8. 5. Common Circuits with 555 Timer................................................................ 406
8. 5. 1. 555 Timer as Schmitt Trigger............................................................. 406
8. 5. 2. Metronome ......................................................................................... 408
8. 5. 3. Missing Pulse Detector....................................................................... 409
8. 5. 4. Burglar Alarm (dark detector)............................................................. 410
8. 5. 5. Infrared Beam Barrier for Object Counter.......................................... 412
8. 5. 6. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) with 555 Timer............................... 413
8. 5. 7. Touch Switch with 555 Timer............................................................. 415
8. 6. 555 Timer Circuits’ Practical Considerations............................................... 418
Devices Datasheet.................................................................................. 419
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