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INTRODUCTION xv

PART 1. RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATIONS 1

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO RFID 3

1.1. General introduction to RFID 3
1.2. The RFID market 10
1.3. Issues in RFID 12
1.3.1. Robustness of reading 12
1.3.2. Tag prices 15
1.3.3. From identification toward sensor function 17
1.4. Conclusion 18
1.5. Bibliography 18

CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA DESIGN FOR UHF RFID TAGS 21

2.1. Introduction 21
2.2. Essential RFID parameters 21
2.2.1. Putting into equation of reader-tag links 24
2.3. Discussions about the two chip impedance states Zic 30
2.4. Rules of design for RFID antennas: classic design approach 33
2.4.1. Classic antenna design approach for passive UHF RFID tags 34
2.5. Robust RFID antenna design methodology 41
2.5.1. Context of study 41
2.5.2. Description of principle applied 41
2.5.3. Principle of co-simulation 42
2.5.4. Taking into account of the environment, design of robust tags 43
2.5.5. Use of the cosimulation principle in the optimization process 45
2.5.6. Generation of antenna forms 47
2.5.7. Application of the automated design tool via an example 50
2.6. Conclusion 56
2.7. Bibliography 57

CHAPTER 3. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN UHF RFID 61

3.1. Introduction 61
3.2. Wireless measurement technique for antenna impedance 62
3.2.1. Characterization of RFID chips and measurement of the two impedance states 64
3.2.2. Theoretical approach to input impedance extraction from a small antenna based on the use of an RFID chip 68
3.3. Toward the use of RFID as a sensor 79
3.3.1. Taking into account of downlink – increase of delta RCS 85
3.3.2. Example of an RFID sensor 90
3.4. Conclusion 92
3.5. Bibliography 93

PART 2. CHIPLESS RFID 97

CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO CHIPLESS RFID 99

4.1. Introduction 99
4.2. Operating principle of chipless RFID 101
4.2.1. Description of the principle of chipless RFID 104
4.2.2. Example of C-shaped tag 108
4.3. Positioning of chipless RFID 112
4.3.1. Latest developments 112
4.3.2. Frequential tag and temporal tag: definition 115
4.3.3. Applicative positioning 116
4.4. Advantages 119
4.4.1. Different ideas to take into consideration120
4.5. Conclusion 123
4.6. Bibliography 124

CHAPTER 5. DEVELOPMENT OF CHIPLESS RFID 127

5.1. Introduction 127
5.2. Coding capacity and density of chipless RFID tags 134
5.2.1. Performances of resonant patterns 135
5.2.2. Information coding techniques 136
5.2.3. Transmission and reception standards 137
5.3. Improvement of the robustness of detection of chipless RFID tags 139
5.3.1. REP approach (frequency domain) 142
5.3.2. Temporal approaches 153
5.4. Practical application of chipless RFID technology 164
5.4.1. Design of chipless RFID tags compatible with regulations 164
5.4.2. Cost of tags 165
5.4.3. Production of a reader for chipless technology 169
5.4.4. Chipless RFID at THz – the THID project 174
5.5. Conclusion 178
5.6. Bibliography 180

CHAPTER 6. PERSPECTIVES ON CHIPLESS RFID TECHNOLOGY 185

6.1. Introduction 185
6.2. Securing of information 186
6.3. Multiple readings 188
6.4. Chipless sensors 190
6.4.1. Humidity sensors 190
6.4.2. Deformation sensor 200
6.5. Reconfigurable chipless 208
6.5.1. Operating principle of CBRAM 209
6.5.2. Example of a reconfigurable chipless tag 211
6.6. Conclusion 216
6.7. Bibliography 217

CONCLUSION 223
INDEX 227